During the fall season last year, soil moisture was better in the main wheat producing areas, and the sowing date of wheat was concentrated, with neat emergence and good pre-winter seedling conditions. However, there are some unfavorable factors in wheat production. First, the drought continued to develop. Since November last year, precipitation in the northern wheat region has been relatively low, precipitation in North China and Huanghuai regions has decreased by 7 to 9 percent over the same period of the year, and combined with strong windy weather, soil loss has been rapid and drought conditions have continued to develop. The second is the frequent occurrence of frost damage. Since the beginning of December of last year, cold air activities have been frequent, many large-scale cooling processes have occurred before and after, the cooling rate is large, the low temperature duration is long, and the wheat and seedlings are yellowing in some regions, and severe crops appear dead. The third is the early recurrence of pests. During the autumn last year, when the weather was sown, the temperature was too high, the lyrical condition was relatively sufficient, and wheat stripe rust occurred significantly earlier than usual. The occurrence of large area and rapid expansion was the heaviest year in recent years.
At present, after the beginning of spring, the rain is approaching. The wheat in the southwestern wheat area has been jointed. The wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is about to be jointed. The wheat in the Huanghuaihai wheat area will continue to return green from south to north, and the wheat in the northern winter wheat area and the northwest winter wheat area will enter soon. In the green period, wheat production has entered a critical period of spring management. The winter wheat began to grow in the spring and returned to spring; at the jointing stage, the tillers were divided into two poles, the big pupa became the panicle, and the small locust died. This period is an important period for the strong growth of the weak seedlings and strong seedling growth. The main objectives of wheat management this spring are: to highlight drought protection, strengthen anti-freezing and disaster prevention, strengthen prevention and control of pests and diseases, promote weak seedlings to increase long-term growth, stabilize seedlings, maintain stable growth, and coordinate the coordinated development of groups, and strive to win the harvest of wheat. .
I. Spring Management Technology in Huanghuaihai Wheat Region
(I) Management of dry wheat fields
For severe drought, the tillering section is in the dry soil layer, and the secondary root length is not long or short. The wheat field with spotted yellow seedlings appears. Immediately after thawing, the early spring land should be watered to protect the seedlings, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in an appropriate amount. Phosphorus diammonium phosphate, combined with nitrogen and phosphorus, can effectively promote secondary root spouting, spring tiller hyperplasia and increase tiller percentage. It should be noted that do not flood the area with water, and do not use water in the area to prevent freezing and freezing of wheat seedlings at night. When water is applied to the topsoil, it is necessary to finely pry the ground, remove the compaction, loosen the soil, keep the soil warm, and promote root and tiller growth.
(II) Management points of the first, second and third types of irrigated land and Wang Miao
Huanghuaihai wheat area has good sowing basis, there are no yellow seedlings, dead seedlings, and wheat fields that have been poured over winter water. The following technologies can be used to manage the spring wheat fields.
1. Various types of wheat crops are replanted in the Qing Dynasty. For the wheat fields in Fuluduo, repression can crush the rubbish, solidify the soil, seal the cracks, reduce the evaporation of water, and avoid drought in the roots; in dryland wheat fields without irrigation conditions, the repression can lift the earthworms, protect the earthworms, and resist drought; In wheat fields, suppression can inhibit the growth of the shoots and control their growth. The repression should be carried out in conjunction with the demarcation, and the pressure must be applied first. Going back to the green stage to save the earthworms, warming up, eliminating weeds, and squeezing finely and evenly when the land is drowned, without pressing the wheat seedlings.
2. Three types of wheat management. In general, the total number of stems per acre is less than 450,000, and most of them are late-seeding weak seedlings. Generally, the topdressing in spring should be performed in two parts. For the first time in the middle period of returning green, when 5 cm of ground temperature stabilizes at 5°C, apply 50% of the total amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and appropriate amount of diammonium phosphate in the spring, and at the same time, water it to promote spring tillering and consolidate tiller before winter. Increase the number of mu ears; the second time in the jointing period, the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizers were applied to increase the number of grains per ear.
3. The management of the second type of wheat. In general, the total number of stems per mu is 450,000-600,000. The focus of spring fertilizer management is to consolidate the pre-winter delivery, promote the occurrence of spring delivery, and increase the percentage of the tillers. Generally combined with watering mu urea 10 ~ 15 kg. The second level wheat field with a general fertility level of 450,000 to 500,000 acres per acre has been topdressed and watered in the early stages of wheat development. The type II wheat field with a high level of soil fertility and an acreage of 500,000 to 600,000 has been top-dressed and watered in the middle of wheat.
4. One type of wheat field management. In general, the total number of stems per mu is 600,000-800,000 yuan, which belongs to strong seedlings and wheat fields. Should be controlled to promote the combination, improve the rate of tilling tilling, and promote large-granules. The first is to spray Zhuang Fengan and other chemical control agents, shorten the first quarter of the base, control the prosperous growth of plants, promote the roots to lower the bar, and prevent the late growth of lodging. The second is a high level of fertility, appropriate sowing, a wheat field of 650,000 to 800,000 acres of stems, the implementation of nitrogen fertilizer, after the middle of the jointing fertilizer watering, acres of topdressing urea 12 to 15 kg, effective control of invalid childbirth Excessive hyperplasia increased dry matter accumulation after flowering, increased the duration of photosynthetic high value and root activity of the flag leaf at late growth stage, delayed senescence, increased grain weight, and obtained higher yield. Third, the general level of soil fertility, 600,000 to 650,000 acres of wheat stems in a wheat field in the early stage of jointing with water Mu recovery 12 to 15 kg.
5. Prosperous management of wheat fields. Generally, the number of mu stems was more than 800,000 years ago, the plants were taller, the leaves were longer, the spike differentiation process of the main stem and low tiller was advanced, and the cold damage was easy to occur in early spring; after the jointing period, the field was covered with luster, poor illumination, and easy lodging. Control and promote integration. The first is to spray conditioners on the body to prevent late growth during childbirth. Second, Wang Miao, a wheat field without de-fertilization, should suppress the seedlings in early spring to avoid excessive spring births. During the jointing stage, fertilize and apply 10-15 kg of urea per acre. Third, for wheat fields with de-fertilization, if the population is not large, the total number of stems per acre in early spring is below 800,000. In the early stages, the top-dressing and watering will be applied. If the group is large, it can be top-dressed and watered in the middle stage. The general mu topdressing urea 10 ~ 15 kg, to prevent Wang Miao turned weak seedlings.
(II) Management of dry-land wheat fields without watering
Water-free conditions of dryland wheat, the spring to repression and scratching combined, can crush the clod, seal cracks, settling the soil, improve soil moisture, promote root development, improve the drought resistance of wheat itself. Ting Ling has the same effect, can break the wheat field, reduce the cracks, the formation of fine topsoil, wind pumping, frostbite, dead seedlings, reduce moisture evaporation in wheat fields. After the soil thawing in Wangmiaotian, the soil should be intensively rooted and intensively controlled after thawing in the spring. The weak field should be ploughed, increase the soil temperature, and promote the development of weak seedlings. After returning to the soil in the early spring or following a light rain, applying N fertilizer with chemical fertilizer or digging has a prominent effect on increasing the number of ears and grains per ear, increasing grain weight, and increasing yield. The application of phosphate fertilizer to the base fertilizer is to apply diammonium phosphate to the nitrogen fertilizer.
(C) Strengthen the control of pests and weeds
It is necessary to focus on the monitoring and control of wheat stripe rust, sheath blight, head blight, powdery mildew, midge, wheat aphid, and wheat spiders. All types of wheat fields should be chemically controlled to prevent weeds after turning green wheat, and agricultural technical departments must carefully guide farmers in the use of herbicide concentrations and operating procedures to avoid phytotoxicity.
II. Spring Management Technology in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
The first is the early return of green manure due to seedling production and the promotion of late seeding weak seedlings. For late sowing, large amount of straw returned, insufficient amount of base fertilizer, yellow wheat, thin, small, and weak seedlings that have been defertilized and yellowing, require three to 10 kg of ternary compound fertilizer in the early spring to return to the green stage. , To promote hairy roots, long pods, and ears. For interplanting wheat fields, Mushi organic fertilizer 1500 kg and ternary compound fertilizer 10-15 kilograms, promote weak seedlings turn strong, early spring wheat seedlings, improve the rate of tillering and spike. For the wheat field where the total number of stems in the population is relatively large and the leaf color is normal, it is not appropriate to apply back green manure to ensure stable growth in the medium term.
The second is to apply good jointing fertilizer to promote strong stalks and ears. The jointing fertilizer has the effect of consolidating the tillering into the panicle and promoting the strong culm and the big ear. The main focus of the spring management of the rice and barley fields in the Jianghuai wheat region is the application of jointing fertilizers, which generally require a faded leaf color in the plant population. The first part of the base will be chased after approaching a fixed length. Mushi urea will contain 10-15 kg of urea. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are also At this point make up the amount to prevent premature aging, increase grain weight, increase production. For wheat fields where the groups are too large and the leaves are not normally faded, jointing fertilizers should be postponed as appropriate to prevent lodging. For wheat fields with insufficient number of spikelets in the group, jointing fertilizer can be applied earlier.
The third is the matching of the drainage system and drainage. Waterlogging is one of the important limiting factors affecting the high yield of wheat in the South. It is necessary to do a good job of supporting the ditch in the early spring. For the undistributed intercropping wheat fields, the three trenches within the field shall be dug and digging; for those that have been trenched, the supporting facilities shall be dredged in a timely manner. After the freezing and thawing cycles in the winter and the earthworms fall, it is necessary to timely dig trenches and build rafts. The ditches communicate with each other to ensure smooth drainage and prevent waterlogging.
The fourth is spring frost damage prevention and remediation. From mid-March to mid-April to mid-April, there are often cold waves from the north to the south. At this time, if the temperature drops below minus 3 degrees Celsius for 6 to 7 hours, the jointed wheat seedlings will suffer spring frost damage. The heavier the damage caused by freezing. After the cold injury occurs in wheat in spring, the first step is to investigate the extent of young panicle freezing 2 to 3 days after the low temperature; the second is to resume the application of fertilizer to the wheat field where the frozen mortality rate of stem stems exceeds 10%. Generally, the mortality rate of frozen stems is 10% to 30% of wheat fields, and 4 to 5 kg of urea can be topped off. If the freezing mortality of stems and stems of 30% of wheat field exceeds 10%, the urea needs to increase 2-3%. In kilograms, the upper limit value should not exceed 15 kilograms, strive for high-section delivery and produce spikes, and reduce production loss.
Fifth, chemical weeding, disease prevention and pest control. Returning to the green period is a high incidence of weeds in the field. Chemical weeding and weed control must be timely. Forecasts of pest and disease damage will increase this spring, so we must strengthen the monitoring and control of powdery mildew, head blight and sheath blight.
III. Northwest Spring Wheat Management Technology
(I) Spring Field Management Techniques of Dryland Wheat
The first is repression and deterrence. Combine repression and scratching, can crush the soil, seal cracks, settling the soil, raise the earthworms, protect the roots, promote the development of the root system, and improve the drought resistance of wheat itself. Ting Ling has the same effect, can break the wheat field, reduce the cracks, the formation of fine topsoil, wind pumping, frostbite, dead seedlings, reduce moisture evaporation in wheat fields. In the northwest wheat area, regardless of the water or dry wheat fields, early spring must be carried out. After the soil thawing in Wangmiaotian, the soil should be intensively rooted and intensively controlled after thawing in the spring; the weak field should be ploughed, increase the soil temperature, and promote the development of weak seedlings.
The second is to pick up fertilizer in early spring. In the early spring, soil reverted pulp or nitrogen fertilizer after application of fertilizers or ditching under the light rain has prominent effects on increasing the number of ears and grains per ear, increasing grain weight and increasing yield. The application of phosphate fertilizer to the base fertilizer is to apply diammonium phosphate to the nitrogen fertilizer.
(B) irrigated wheat field management technology
1. Various types of wheat crops are replanted in the Qing Dynasty. For the wheat fields in Fuluduo, repression can crush the rubbish, solidify the soil, seal the cracks, reduce the evaporation of water and avoid drought in the roots; in the dryland wheat fields without irrigation conditions, the repression can lift the earthworms, protect the earthworms, and resist drought; In wheat fields, suppression can inhibit the growth of the shoots and control their growth. The repression should be carried out in conjunction with the demarcation, and the pressure must be applied first. Going back to the green stage to save the earthworms, warming up, eliminating weeds, and squeezing finely and evenly when the land is drowned, without pressing the wheat seedlings.
2. Three types of wheat management. In general, the total number of stems per acre is less than 450,000, and most of them are late-seeding weak seedlings. Generally, the topdressing in spring should be carried out in two stages. For the first time in the mid-to-green period, when the 5 cm ground temperature is stable at 5°C, apply 50% of the top nitrogen fertilizer in the spring and the appropriate amount of diammonium phosphate, and at the same time, water it. Spring delivery, consolidation of pre-winter tiller to increase the number of mu ears; the second time in the jointing period, the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing to increase the number of grains per spike.
3. The management of the second type of wheat. In general, the total number of stems per mu is 450,000-600,000. The focus of spring fertilizer management is to consolidate the pre-winter delivery, promote the occurrence of spring delivery, and increase the rate of tillering of the tiller. Generally combined with watering mu urea 10 ~ 15 kg. The general level of soil fertility, the number of acres of wheat stems from 450,000 to 500,000 in the second category, in the early stage of wheat crop up and watering; higher levels of soil fertility, acres of 500,000 to 600,000 in the second type of wheat, in the middle of the wheat crop up fertilizer .
4. One type of wheat field management. In general, the total number of stems per mu is 600,000-800,000 yuan, which belongs to strong seedlings and wheat fields. Should be controlled to promote the combination, improve the rate of tilling tilling, and promote large-granules. The first is to spray Zhuang Fengan and other chemical control agents, shorten the first quarter of the base, control the prosperous growth of plants, promote the roots to lower the bar, and prevent the late growth of lodging. Second, a higher level of fertility, appropriate sowing, a few acres of wheat stems 650,000 ~ 800,000 a type of wheat, after the implementation of nitrogen fertilizer, top dressing in the jointing watering, acres of topdressing urea 12 to 15 kg, excessive control of excessive labor Hyperplasia increased the accumulation of dry matter after flowering, increased the duration of photosynthesis of the flag leaf at late growth stage and the activity of roots, retarded senescence, increased grain weight, and achieved higher yield. Third, the general level of fertility, acres of stems from 600,000 to 650,000 a type of wheat. It is necessary to perform fertilizer and water management in the early stage of jointing wheat, and combine 12 to 15 kg of urea with water for harvesting.
5. Prosperous management of wheat fields. Generally, there are more than 800,000 acre stems in the year before, the plants are taller, the leaves are longer, and the spike differentiation process of the main stem and the lower tiller is advanced. In the early spring, it is prone to frost damage; after the jointing period, the field is covered with luster, poor illumination and easy lodging. Control and promote integration. The first is to spray conditioners on the body to prevent late growth during childbirth. Second, Wang Miao wheat field without de-fertilization should suppress the seedlings in early spring to avoid excessive spring births. During the jointing stage, fertilize and apply 10-15 kg of urea per acre. Third, for wheat fields with de-fertilization, if the population is not large, the total number of stems per acre in early spring is below 800,000. In the early stages, the top-dressing and watering will be applied. If the group is large, it can be top-dressed and watered in the middle stage. Generally, about 10 to 15 kilograms of urea is applied per mu to prevent Wang Miao from turning weak seedlings.
(C) Strengthen the control of pests and weeds
We will make predictions and prevention and control of diseases and pests such as wheat stripe rust, sheath blight, and wheat stubble; pay attention to chemical weeding during the return period. Gansu Province should pay special attention to strengthening forecasting and prevention of wheat stripe rust, and continue to vigorously popularize the prevention and control experience of “accurate monitoring, drug reconnaissance, discovery, and controlâ€, early detection and prevention.
IV. Spring Management Technology in Southwest Wheat Region
(1) Management of weak seedlings and strong seedlings in plain wheat areas
For the wheat fields with good sowing quality in the plain area but defertilized, irrigation, topdressing, and spraying of Chlormequat are used during the jointing stage. The wheat field with small population, insufficient nutrition, and severe defertilization should be top-dressed as soon as possible to promote the growth of Oita pods and increase the tillering percentage of tillers. It is necessary to fill the water first, and then apply urea after draining. It is not advisable to apply water after the first application of fertilizer so as to avoid loss of nutrients. The specific amount of topdressing depends on the situation of the seedlings and the condition of the fertilizer used in the previous period, and is 5 to 10 kilograms per mu. Large populations of prosperous fields or high plant species must be controlled for high levels of protection. In the initial stage of jointing, growth retardants such as chlormequat or dwarf can be sprayed to reduce plant height.
(II) Spring Wheat Technology in Hilly Dryland
Hilly wheat areas are dominated by dryland wheat. Late dry lands are sown and thin wheat fields should be fully utilized. Small water (faecal) pits, ponds, and other facilities should be used to make up water and topdressing. Mushi urea should be about 10 kilograms. The soil in the Sichuan Basin is generally deficient in phosphorus, and ammonium phosphate can be used to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus at the same time. The diammonium phosphate can be used in 20-25 kilograms, which is best for clearing the manure.
(c) Timely control of stripe rust, head blight and aphids
At present, the wheat stripe rust must be prevented and prevented from spreading to the central disease and severe disease fields in time. From February to mid-to-late March, spraying control of diseased plots was conducted to control diseases and prevent pandemics. In April, wheat entered the stage of flower filling, and it was necessary to control the diseased fields to ensure normal physiological functions of the plants and leaves. For head blight, wheat has more spring rain at the heading and flowering stage and is susceptible to the risk of head blight, and prevention and control work should be done during the flowering period. We must attach importance to the prevention and control of wheat powdery mildew in dry hills. For locusts, monitoring should be strengthened and regional developments should be released in a timely manner. Technical guidance and unified defense should be strengthened.
(D) Strengthen the moisture in rice fields and wheat fields
Jointing to heading stage is a sensitive period of wheat wetness. If the soil is too wet, the root activity will decrease, and the fertilizer absorption function will weaken. In severe fields, a large number of tillers will die and the rate of spike formation will decrease. Therefore, before the onset of the spring rain, we must open up the side ditch, gutter, and drainage ditch, strengthen the drainage work of the ditch, reduce the groundwater level, and eliminate waterlogging.
Wheat expert guidance group of the Ministry of Agriculture
Expert Group on Wheat Industry Technical System of the Ministry of Agriculture
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