Glycyrrhizae is a shrub-like perennial plant belonging to the flowering flower subfamily. It is mainly concentrated in North China (northeast, north, northwest) in China. It is a traditional Chinese medicine in China, and it is known as "the old man" and "the ten party nine grasses." Reputation.
Its main ingredient is glycyrrhizic acid, which has the effects of supplementing Qi, eliminating heat, detoxifying, relieving cough, relieving pain, and mitigating the drug. Licorice stems and leaves are rich in protein and fat, which is an excellent pasture. Licorice also plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance. It also has a wide range of uses in the food, beverage, cigarette, cosmetics and other industries. Based on the extensive use of licorice, the demand for licorice in countries all over the world has been increasing. The unplanned extraction of licorice in the country has resulted in the loss of licorice resources and its destruction.
In recent years, the artificial cultivation area of ​​licorice has been continuously expanding. However, most of the seeds circulated in the pre-mouth market are still in the stage of primitive production and natural collection. With repeated use for a long time, the seed quality gradually deteriorates and affects the quality of its medicinal materials. High-quality seeds are the preconditions for the production of high-quality medicinal materials. The author performed quality analysis of the licorice seeds sold on the pre-mouth market to clarify the quality of licorice seeds on the pre-mouth market in China in order to standardize the trade of seeds of Chinese herbal medicines and the production of Chinese herbal medicines. The establishment of seed quality standards provides a scientific basis.
1 Materials and methods 1.1 Materials Licorice seeds, their numbers, origins and places of purchase are shown in Table 1. Experiments were conducted from May to August in 2004.
Table 1 Test materials 1.2 Instrument light incubator, seed wind purity meter, magnifying glass, vacuum suction bed instrument, electronic balance, germination box, filter paper, tweezers, ruler 1.3 Method 1.3.1 Clarity analysis to take 30g samples, The sample was divided into net seeds, other plant seeds, and impurities on a cleanness analysis table. After separation, the samples were weighed and the clarity was calculated.
1.3.2 1000 seeds were weighed and 1000 seeds were weighed. The weight was measured with an electronic balance and repeated three times.
1.3.3 Measuring Seed Size Take 50 seeds and arrange them in a row. Determine the total diameter of 50 seeds. Calculate the diameter of a single seed. Repeat 3 times.
1.3.4 Germination test (1) Direct germination: After the germination box is sterilized with 70% alcohol, the inside of the box is covered with two layers of filter paper, moistened with distilled water, and 100 seeds are neatly placed in the germination box. The light is incubated in an incubator at 25°C. . Every day, pay attention to adding water to the germination box to ensure that the germination box is moist, and count the seed germination number and hard real number on the l0d test. Set 3 repetitions.
(2) Sulfuric acid treatment: germination: Take 300 seeds from different sources, add 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid of 98%, mix well, soak for 70 minutes, and rinse with clean water. The germination test was then performed as described above. Statistics of seed germination, hard real number, and mildew were counted on the 10th day of the experiment.
2 Results and Analysis 2.1 Grain weight As can be seen from Figure 1, the five thousand glycyrrhiza seeds have a weight of 1Og or less, a minimum of 9.225g, and a maximum of only 9.617g. The 1000-grain weights of licorice seeds in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia are all above 11g. Among them, the 1000-grain weight of Licorice seeds in Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia reached 12.705 g, and the weight of 1000-grain seeds of Lithospermum licorice in Ningxia reached 13.967 g. The results of variance analysis showed that the 1000-grain weight of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seed had a very significant difference between different producing areas, and there was no significant difference in the 1000-grain weight between seeds of G. uralensis.
Fig.1 Thousand-grain weight of Licorice seeds from different sources (9)
Figure 2 Diameter of licorice seeds from different sources (cm)
2.2 Seed Diameter As can be seen from Figure 2, five of the seeds of Xinjiang Glycyrrhiza are smaller in diameter and smaller than 0.280cm. The seed diameters of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Glycyrrhiza are all above 0.287cm, and the diameter of G. licorice seeds in Inner Mongolia Hangjinqi reaches 0.307cm. The analysis results showed that there was a significant difference in the diameter of G. uralensis from different producing areas. There was no significant difference between the same origin in Xinjiang and the licorice seeds in the Ningxia producing area.
Table 2 Analysis of Glycyrrhiza Seed Quality from Different Areas 2.3 Clarity Analysis From Table 1, it can be seen that the licorice seeds from different origins have large differences in net clarity, with the highest being 93.4% and the lowest being only 58.0%. Only 1 part of the seeds had a clarity greater than 90%. The clarity of 5 seeds was between 80% and 90%, and the clarity of 4 seeds did not exceed 70%. There was a significant difference in seed clarity between different licorice seed samples. The impurities in the seeds are mainly broken seeds and sand.
Fig. 3 Germination rate of licorice seeds before and after treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (%)
2.4 Germination rate The germination rate of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seeds from different sources has a very significant difference. There are 4 parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seed germination rate of about 70%, 1 part of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seed germination rate of 54%, other Gambou-seeds The germination rate is below 40% and the lowest germination rate is only 12%. After the seeds are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, the germination rate of most of the licorice seeds is significantly increased (see Figure 3), and the germination rate after treatment reaches 65. % or more (except sample 7). However, the germination rate of the 4 seeds with the original germination rate of about 70% increased less, and below 15%, the germination rate of the 5 parts of the licorice seeds with the original germination rate below 40% increased greatly, at 33%~68%. between. Only sample 7 did not change its germination rate.
2.5 Hardness The difference in hard seed ratio between different sources of Glycyrrhiza uralensis is very large, ranging from 20% to 80% (except for sample 7). After the seeds were treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, the hard-solidity rate decreased significantly (see Figure 4). There were 5 samples with a hard-ratio of 0, and the other samples had a hardness of less than 3%.
2.6 Moldy It can be seen from Table 2 that the licorice seeds germinate without treatment and the mildew rate is below 15%. However, after the seeds are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, the mildew increases a lot during the germination test (Figure 5). The lowest is 9.3 and the highest is 41.0%.
Fig.4 Hardness rate of licorice seeds before and after treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (%)
Fig. 5 Mildew rate of licorice seeds before and after treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (%)
3 Conclusions and discussion 3.1 Thousand-grain weight and seed diameter The 1000-grain weight and seed diameter of Lithospermum seeds in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia were significantly higher than those of Xinjiang licorice seeds. Gu Hui-yan et al. studied the content of glycyrrhizic acid in licorice from 14 producing areas in China. The quality of licorice in Inner Mongolia is better than that of Xinjiang licorice. However, Lin Shouquan (1993) found that the content of glycyrrhizic acid in Xinjiang licorice is higher than that in other producing areas. The author believes that the 1000-grain weight and size of licorice seeds may have a certain relationship with the quality of licorice. It is necessary to study the relationship between seed size and the quality of finished licorice to provide a reliable basis for formulating licorice seed grading standards. The ginseng seed grading standard promulgated in China in 1986 was based on seed size as the main indicator to classify seed. There is no significant difference between 1000-grain weight and seed diameter in Glycyrrhiza uralensis seeds in the Xinjiang producing area, which indicates that there is a certain relationship between 1000-grain weight and seed diameter and origin. Whether it is a variety or climate, soil or other factors cause this phenomenon, and it needs further study. .
3.2 Clarity The clarity of licorice seeds from different sources varies greatly, with 50% of the seed samples having a purity of more than 80%. The author believes that the seed's clarity can be further improved through seed selection.
3.3 Germination rate The germination rate of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seed varies from 12% to 70% with different sources. After treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, the germination rate increases significantly and the germination rate is between 65% and 83%.
3.4 Hard and hard seeds of different sources of licorice exist a certain hard rate, between 20% to 80% (except for sample 7). The licorice seeds have a high hardiness rate and must be hard-ground before germination. In the field of broken and hard processing, there have been a large number of research reports, and the methods used are also varied, such as milling method, sulfuric acid soaking method, soaking of sodium hydroxide solution, hot water soaking method, sanding method, high temperature soaking method, etc. .
In the experiment, the method of concentrated sulfuric acid treatment was adopted. After treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, the hardness ratio of 5 samples was 0, and the hardness of the other 5 samples was below 3%. It shows that concentrated sulfuric acid can effectively break a kind of sub-hard.
Before processing the sample, the surface of samples 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 can be observed through the magnifying glass to be rough and dull and not as smooth as other seed surfaces. Therefore, it is inferred that these seeds may have undergone mechanical cracking and hard treatment. However, the results of the germination test show that in addition to sample 7, other seeds still have a certain hardiness rate.
3.5 When the moldy rate is not treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, the moldy rate of licorice seeds is below 15%. After treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, the mildew rate of licorice seeds significantly increases from 9% to 41%. This may be due to the use of concentrated sulfuric acid treatment, rinse with water, the seed is subject to certain pollution, and after the objective _ hard break, the glycyrrhizin and other substances inside the licorice seeds more easily penetrated out, provide nutrition for the proliferation of mold, resulting in The rapid growth of mold. Before the seeds are untreated, the total germination rate and hard seed ratio are higher than the germination rate after treatment. The reason is that the mildew rate is too high and the germination rate is reduced.
In general, the sub-quality of Chinese commercial school is good and bad, and the differences in the degree of clarity, germination rate, and hardness are large, and the seeds that have been treated are broken and hard and some are not treated. All the licorice seeds sold had no packaging, quality, and cultivation instructions, and the establishment of standards for strengthening the licorice seed quality grading standards and licorice seed inspection standards was established to regulate the licorice seed market.
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