The structural material of the coordinate measuring machine has a great influence on its measurement accuracy and performance. With the research, development and application of various new materials, the structure materials of the coordinate measuring machine are also more and more, and the performance is getting better and better. . Common structural materials are mainly the following.
First, the cast iron is <br> <br> more general use a material mainly used for the base, a slide to roll rails, columns, brackets, and other bed. Its advantages are small deformation, good wear resistance, easy processing, low cost, linear expansion coefficient close to most of the tested parts (steel parts), and are widely used materials in the early CMM. So far in some measuring machines are still mainly cast iron materials. However, cast irons also have drawbacks: they are susceptible to corrosion, their wear resistance is lower than that of granite, and their strength is not high. At present, cast iron is mainly used in measuring machines such as striping machines. More and more are now being replaced by other materials (such as steel plate weldments, granite). However, some companies, such as Switzerland's SIP company, believe that cast iron is the ideal base material, and its linear expansion coefficient is close to that of steel. In the entire machine structure, only ferrous metal materials are used to avoid complicated deformation; castings can be used for a long time. The natural aging helps maintain long-term stability.
Second, the steel structural steel is mainly used <br> <br> housing, brackets, etc., and some also measuring machine base made of steel. Low carbon steel is generally used and must be heat treated. The advantage of steel is its rigidity and strength. Its disadvantage is that it is easily deformed because of the deformation of the internal residual stress caused by the steel after machining.
Another advantage of steel materials is the use of weldments. In the early 1980s, welds were successfully applied to measuring machines and robots. Compared with cast iron parts, welded parts have the following advantages.
1. High stability can be obtained after fully artificially aging the welded components.
2, can obtain higher rigidity, design flexibility is better than castings, steel components lighter than cast iron. What is even more remarkable is that, under permit conditions, closed high-strength thin-shell parts with a cavity or even a multi-cavity structure can be welded. Castings are difficult to achieve in this respect.
3, the size of the weldment can be well controlled. Under mass production conditions, fixtures are used to ensure the size of the welds; in single-piece or small-volume production, they rely on the skill of the workers. At present, the error can be controlled within ±1mm, so it can be controlled both in the shape design and the machining allowance.
Of course, the quality of welded parts depends to a large extent on the performance of the supporting equipment. Such as dedicated fixtures, bending plates and automatic welding equipment. At present, the manufacturers that use this kind of component are the China Aviation Precision Research Institute, and their products are code-named SZC-1065, SZC-654 and IOTA. Many foreign manufacturers also apply welding structures to coordinate measuring machines, such as DETA's BETA, DELTA, and LAMBDA.
Third, granite <br> <br> granite, the weight ratio of aluminum lighter than steel, is a more general material. The main advantages of granite are: small deformation, good stability, no rust, easy to plane processing, easy to achieve a higher degree of flatness than cast iron, suitable for the production of high-precision platforms and rails. Many CMMs currently use this material. Such as Leitz and Zeiss coordinate measuring machines, most of them use granite materials. The domestic representative ZQ series full granite fixed bridge high-precision coordinate measuring machine with Qingdao Outpost. Its base, table, bridge, axle guides, Z-axis, etc. are all made of granite. Granite can be used as workbenches, squares, columns, beams, rails, brackets, shells and so on. Due to the small thermal expansion coefficient of granite, it is suitable to cooperate with air floatation guide rails.
Granite also has many shortcomings, mainly: although it can be made of hollow structure by sticking method, but it is more troublesome; the solid structure is of high quality and difficult to process, especially screw holes and light holes are difficult to process, can not be magnetic table adsorption On it, the cost is higher than that of cast iron; the granite material is relatively brittle, and it is easy to collapse when rough processing occurs; The use of water and moisture should be taken care of. It is forbidden to wipe the granite surface with a detergent that mixes water, and it is also necessary to prevent the influence of moisture in the hydrostatic gas on the guide rail.
Granite elastic modulus (such as Taishanqing) in some places is similar to that of cast iron. The comparison is as follows:
General grey cast iron:(1.15～1.60)×105·Mpa
Taishan blue granite: 1.28×105·Mpa
Granite from different origins is quite different, and the general modulus of elasticity of granite is (0.5-0.6)×105·Mpa.
Fourth, ceramics <br> <br> developed rapidly in recent years, ceramic materials. It is a ceramic material pressed and sintered, and then ground. Its characteristics are porous, light weight (density about 3g/cm3), high strength, easy processing, good wear resistance, no rust, suitable for Y-axis and Z-axis guides. The disadvantages of ceramics are the high manufacturing cost of the manufacturing equipment, the high process requirements, and the complex manufacturing of the blank, so there are not many measuring machines using this material. At present, some of the three coordinate measuring machines of Germany's Zeiss Corporation, UK's LK Corporation and Tokyo Precision Co., Ltd. of Japan use ceramic materials.
Five aluminum <br> <br> CMM primarily using high strength aluminum alloy. This is the fastest-growing new material in recent years. The advantages of aluminum materials are light weight, high strength, small deformation, good thermal conductivity, and the ability to be welded, making them suitable for many parts on measuring machines. The application of high-strength aluminum alloys is currently the main trend.
In recent years, various countries have continuously introduced new materials for use in coordinate measuring machines. The 6000 aluminum alloy introduced by the United States has better performance. The most important feature of this material is that it is not easily deformed and is an ideal guide rail material. At present, Brown&Sharp and Zeiss of Germany adopt this material, so the quality of the frame is reduced and the deformation is also reduced, which is suitable for rapid measurement. In UMC850, a product of Zeiss, Germany, the newly developed alloy material CARAT (anti-aging aluminum alloy with ceramic coating) is adopted for the shaft and shaft guide rails. Because of its large thermal conductivity and small temperature gradient, it is not easy to generate complex thermal deformation. In order to reduce its telescopic deformation, a temperature shield is added outside the measuring machine, and several temperature sensors are installed on the upper and lower sides of the right plate of the guide rail. After detecting the temperature change, the computer will perform thermal deformation due to the line expansion. make up.
In short, the development of CMM structural materials has gone from metal to ceramic, granite, and then these natural materials have evolved into aluminum alloys. Nowadays, various synthetic materials are being researched in depth. Germany Zeiss, UK LK and Tarus Company all begin to use carbon fiber as structural parts. With the continuous improvement of the accuracy requirements, the material performance requirements are also increasing. It can be seen that the material of the coordinate measuring machine is developing toward the direction of lightness, small deformation and easy processing.
First, the cast iron is <br> <br> more general use a material mainly used for the base, a slide to roll rails, columns, brackets, and other bed. Its advantages are small deformation, good wear resistance, easy processing, low cost, linear expansion coefficient close to most of the tested parts (steel parts), and are widely used materials in the early CMM. So far in some measuring machines are still mainly cast iron materials. However, cast irons also have drawbacks: they are susceptible to corrosion, their wear resistance is lower than that of granite, and their strength is not high. At present, cast iron is mainly used in measuring machines such as striping machines. More and more are now being replaced by other materials (such as steel plate weldments, granite). However, some companies, such as Switzerland's SIP company, believe that cast iron is the ideal base material, and its linear expansion coefficient is close to that of steel. In the entire machine structure, only ferrous metal materials are used to avoid complicated deformation; castings can be used for a long time. The natural aging helps maintain long-term stability.
Second, the steel structural steel is mainly used <br> <br> housing, brackets, etc., and some also measuring machine base made of steel. Low carbon steel is generally used and must be heat treated. The advantage of steel is its rigidity and strength. Its disadvantage is that it is easily deformed because of the deformation of the internal residual stress caused by the steel after machining.
Another advantage of steel materials is the use of weldments. In the early 1980s, welds were successfully applied to measuring machines and robots. Compared with cast iron parts, welded parts have the following advantages.
1. High stability can be obtained after fully artificially aging the welded components.
2, can obtain higher rigidity, design flexibility is better than castings, steel components lighter than cast iron. What is even more remarkable is that, under permit conditions, closed high-strength thin-shell parts with a cavity or even a multi-cavity structure can be welded. Castings are difficult to achieve in this respect.
3, the size of the weldment can be well controlled. Under mass production conditions, fixtures are used to ensure the size of the welds; in single-piece or small-volume production, they rely on the skill of the workers. At present, the error can be controlled within ±1mm, so it can be controlled both in the shape design and the machining allowance.
Of course, the quality of welded parts depends to a large extent on the performance of the supporting equipment. Such as dedicated fixtures, bending plates and automatic welding equipment. At present, the manufacturers that use this kind of component are the China Aviation Precision Research Institute, and their products are code-named SZC-1065, SZC-654 and IOTA. Many foreign manufacturers also apply welding structures to coordinate measuring machines, such as DETA's BETA, DELTA, and LAMBDA.
Third, granite <br> <br> granite, the weight ratio of aluminum lighter than steel, is a more general material. The main advantages of granite are: small deformation, good stability, no rust, easy to plane processing, easy to achieve a higher degree of flatness than cast iron, suitable for the production of high-precision platforms and rails. Many CMMs currently use this material. Such as Leitz and Zeiss coordinate measuring machines, most of them use granite materials. The domestic representative ZQ series full granite fixed bridge high-precision coordinate measuring machine with Qingdao Outpost. Its base, table, bridge, axle guides, Z-axis, etc. are all made of granite. Granite can be used as workbenches, squares, columns, beams, rails, brackets, shells and so on. Due to the small thermal expansion coefficient of granite, it is suitable to cooperate with air floatation guide rails.
Granite also has many shortcomings, mainly: although it can be made of hollow structure by sticking method, but it is more troublesome; the solid structure is of high quality and difficult to process, especially screw holes and light holes are difficult to process, can not be magnetic table adsorption On it, the cost is higher than that of cast iron; the granite material is relatively brittle, and it is easy to collapse when rough processing occurs; The use of water and moisture should be taken care of. It is forbidden to wipe the granite surface with a detergent that mixes water, and it is also necessary to prevent the influence of moisture in the hydrostatic gas on the guide rail.
Granite elastic modulus (such as Taishanqing) in some places is similar to that of cast iron. The comparison is as follows:
General grey cast iron:(1.15～1.60)×105·Mpa
Taishan blue granite: 1.28×105·Mpa
Granite from different origins is quite different, and the general modulus of elasticity of granite is (0.5-0.6)×105·Mpa.
Fourth, ceramics <br> <br> developed rapidly in recent years, ceramic materials. It is a ceramic material pressed and sintered, and then ground. Its characteristics are porous, light weight (density about 3g/cm3), high strength, easy processing, good wear resistance, no rust, suitable for Y-axis and Z-axis guides. The disadvantages of ceramics are the high manufacturing cost of the manufacturing equipment, the high process requirements, and the complex manufacturing of the blank, so there are not many measuring machines using this material. At present, some of the three coordinate measuring machines of Germany's Zeiss Corporation, UK's LK Corporation and Tokyo Precision Co., Ltd. of Japan use ceramic materials.
Five aluminum <br> <br> CMM primarily using high strength aluminum alloy. This is the fastest-growing new material in recent years. The advantages of aluminum materials are light weight, high strength, small deformation, good thermal conductivity, and the ability to be welded, making them suitable for many parts on measuring machines. The application of high-strength aluminum alloys is currently the main trend.
In recent years, various countries have continuously introduced new materials for use in coordinate measuring machines. The 6000 aluminum alloy introduced by the United States has better performance. The most important feature of this material is that it is not easily deformed and is an ideal guide rail material. At present, Brown&Sharp and Zeiss of Germany adopt this material, so the quality of the frame is reduced and the deformation is also reduced, which is suitable for rapid measurement. In UMC850, a product of Zeiss, Germany, the newly developed alloy material CARAT (anti-aging aluminum alloy with ceramic coating) is adopted for the shaft and shaft guide rails. Because of its large thermal conductivity and small temperature gradient, it is not easy to generate complex thermal deformation. In order to reduce its telescopic deformation, a temperature shield is added outside the measuring machine, and several temperature sensors are installed on the upper and lower sides of the right plate of the guide rail. After detecting the temperature change, the computer will perform thermal deformation due to the line expansion. make up.
In short, the development of CMM structural materials has gone from metal to ceramic, granite, and then these natural materials have evolved into aluminum alloys. Nowadays, various synthetic materials are being researched in depth. Germany Zeiss, UK LK and Tarus Company all begin to use carbon fiber as structural parts. With the continuous improvement of the accuracy requirements, the material performance requirements are also increasing. It can be seen that the material of the coordinate measuring machine is developing toward the direction of lightness, small deformation and easy processing.
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